Arquivos suplementares
Palavras-chave
neurociência
saúde mental
função cognitiva
respostas afetivas
physical activity
neuroscience
affective responses
mental illness
executive function
Como Citar
Resumo
Introduction: The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of physical exercise in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are recognized. In the last ten years, studies have shown the association of active lifestyle with prevention and treatment of mental illnesses as well as the improvement of executive functions throughout life. Nevertheless, methodological problems make it difficult to use the evidence on practical clinic.
Objective: To analyze recent evidence on the effects of physical exercise for cognitive performance improvement, prevention and treatment of mental illness and affective responses generated by exercise, highlighting the gaps that should be fulfilled and challenges on this knowledge area.
Conclusion: Physical exercise contributes to reduce risks for mental illness and to enhance clinical response in patients with mood and anxiety disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive function, mainly executive functions, has been observed in different age groups. Affective responses generated during the exercise are influenced by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors and can contribute to the development of new prescription strategies to increase physical exercise adherence. Studies with greater methodological rigor and variable exercise prescriptions, like frequency, duration, intensity and the type of the exercise should be conduced for better targeting practical application of the knowledge.
Exercício físico, desempenho cognitivo e saúde mental: perspectivas e desafiosIntrodução: O efeito profilático e terapêutico do exercício físico em doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas é reconhecido. Nos últimos dez anos, estudos mostraram associação entre o estilo de vida ativo e a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças mentais, assim como, a melhora das funções executivas em diferentes faixas etárias. Entretanto, questões metodológicas dificultam a utilização das evidências na prática clínica.
Objetivo: Apresentar as evidências recentes sobre o efeito do exercício físico na melhora do desempenho cognitivo, prevenção e tratamento de doenças mentais e respostas afetivas geradas pelo exercício, destacando lacunas a serem investigadas e desafios nessa área de conhecimento.
Conclusão: O exercício físico contribui para a redução do risco de desenvolvimento de doenças mentais e melhora da resposta clínica de pacientes com transtornos de humor e de ansiedade e doenças neurodegenerativas. A melhora da função cognitiva, em especial as funções executivas, é observada em diferentes faixas etárias. As respostas afetivas geradas durante o exercício são influenciadas por diversos fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de prescrição para a melhora da aderência ao exercício físico. Estudos com maior rigor metodológico e maior controle de variáveis de prescrição de exercícios, como frequência, duração, intensidade e tipo de exercício devem ser feitos para o melhor direcionamento da aplicação prática do conhecimento.
Referências
Lee D-C, Brellenthin AG, Thompson PD, Sui X, Lee I-M, Lavie CJ. Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. [Online] 2017; Available from: doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005
Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Berger NA, Lucia A. Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda, Md.). [Online] 2013;28(5): 330–358. Available from: doi:10.1152/physiol.00019.2013
Tucker JM, Welk GJ, Beyler NK. Physical activity in U.S.: adults compliance with the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. [Online] 2011;40(4): 454–461. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.016
Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U, et al. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet (London, England). [Online] 2012;380(9838): 247–257. Available from: doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1
Trost SG, Blair SN, Khan KM. Physical inactivity remains the greatest public health problem of the 21st century: evidence, improved methods and solutions using the ‘7 investments that work’ as a framework. British Journal of Sports Medicine. [Online] 2014;48(3): 169–170. Available from: doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093372
Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Ciccolo JT, Lewis BA, Albrecht AE, Marcus BH. Acute Affective Response to a Moderate-intensity Exercise Stimulus Predicts Physical Activity Participation 6 and 12 Months Later. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. [Online] 2008;9(3): 231–245. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002
Rhodes RE, Kates A. Can the Affective Response to Exercise Predict Future Motives and Physical Activity Behavior? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. [Online] 2015;49(5): 715–731. Available from: doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5
Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, Veiga H, Silveira H, Mouta R, et al. Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(4): 191–198.
van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999;96(23): 13427–13431.
Dishman RK, Berthoud H-R, Booth FW, Cotman CW, Edgerton VR, Fleshner MR, et al. Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.). [Online] 2006;14(3): 345–356. Available from: doi:10.1038/oby.2006.46
Deslandes AC. Exercise and Mental Health: What did We Learn in the Last 20 Years? Frontiers in Psychiatry. [Online] 2014;5: 66. Available from: doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00066
Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. [Online] 2008;9(1): 58–65. Available from: doi:10.1038/nrn2298
Diamond A. Activities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science. [Online] 2012;21(5): 335–341. Available from: doi:10.1177/0963721412453722
Diamond A. Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology. [Online] 2013;64: 135–168. Available from: doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Fedewa AL, Ahn S. The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children’s achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. [Online] 2011;82(3): 521–535. Available from: doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599785
Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. [Online] 2014;16: 12–31. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.002
Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski P, et al. Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. [Online] 2016;48(6): 1223–1224. Available from: doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000966
Young J, Angevaren M, Rusted J, Tabet N. Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. [Online] 2015;(4): CD005381. Available from: doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub4
Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL. Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC public health. [Online] 2014;14: 510. Available from: doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-510
Barcelos-Ferreira R, Pinto JA, Nakano EY, Steffens DC, Litvoc J, Bottino CMC. Clinically significant depressive symptoms and associated factors in community elderly subjects from Sao Paulo, Brazil. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. [Online] 2009;17(7): 582–590. Available from: doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a76ddc
Beckett MW, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA. A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. BMC geriatrics. [Online] 2015;15: 9. Available from: doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0007-2
Aarsland D, Sardahaee FS, Anderssen S, Ballard C, Alzheimer’s Society Systematic Review group. Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health. [Online] 2010;14(4): 386–395. Available from: doi:10.1080/13607860903586136
Forbes D, Thiessen EJ, Blake CM, Forbes SC, Forbes S. Exercise programs for people with dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. [Online] 2013;(12): CD006489. Available from: doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3
Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, Lawlor DA, Rimer J, Waugh FR, et al. Exercise for depression. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. [Online] 2013;(9): CD004366. Available from: doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6
Ekkekakis P. Honey, I shrunk the pooled SMD! Guide to critical appraisal of systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the Cochrane review on exercise for depression as example. Mental Health and Physical Activity. [Online] 2015;8: 21–36. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.12.001
Silveira H, Moraes H, Oliveira N, Coutinho ESF, Laks J, Deslandes A. Physical exercise and clinically depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychobiology. [Online] 2013;67(2): 61–68. Available from: doi:10.1159/000345160
Groot C, Hooghiemstra AM, Raijmakers PGHM, van Berckel BNM, Scheltens P, Scherder EJA, et al. The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Ageing Research Reviews. [Online] 2016;25: 13–23. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.11.005
Carvalho A, Barbirato D, Araujo N, Martins JV, Cavalcanti JLS, Santos TM, et al. Comparison of strength training, aerobic training, and additional physical therapy as supplementary treatments for Parkinson’s disease: pilot study. Clinical Interventions in Aging. [Online] 2015;10: 183–191. Available from: doi:10.2147/CIA.S68779
Zhou J, Yin T, Gao Q, Yang XC. A Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Tai Chi in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease between 2008 and 2014. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. [Online] 2015;2015: e593263. Available from: doi:10.1155/2015/593263
Ahmadi A, Arastoo AA, Nikbakht M, Zahednejad S, Rajabpour M. Comparison of the Effect of 8 weeks Aerobic and Yoga Training on Ambulatory Function, Fatigue and Mood Status in MS Patients. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. [Online] 2013;15(6): 449–454. Available from: doi:10.5812/ircmj.3597
de Andrade LP, Gobbi LTB, Coelho FGM, Christofoletti G, Costa JLR, Stella F. Benefits of multimodal exercise intervention for postural control and frontal cognitive functions in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease: a controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. [Online] 2013;61(11): 1919–1926. Available from: doi:10.1111/jgs.12531
Ekkekakis P, Parfitt G, Petruzzello SJ. The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). [Online] 2011;41(8): 641–671. Available from: doi:10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000
Jones L, Karageorghis CI, Ekkekakis P. Can high-intensity exercise be more pleasant?: attentional dissociation using music and video. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. [Online] 2014;36(5): 528–541. Available from: doi:10.1123/jsep.2014-0251
Moyle W, Jones C, Dwan T, Petrovich T. Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Forest on People With Dementia: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study. The Gerontologist. [Online] 2017; Available from: doi:10.1093/geront/gnw270
Ekkekakis P. Let them roam free? Physiological and psychological evidence for the potential of self-selected exercise intensity in public health. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). [Online] 2009;39(10): 857–888. Available from: doi:10.2165/11315210-000000000-00000
Lind E, Welch AS, Ekkekakis P. Do ‘mind over muscle’ strategies work? Examining the effects of attentional association and dissociation on exertional, affective and physiological responses to exercise. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). [Online] 2009;39(9): 743–764. Available from: doi:10.2165/11315120-000000000-00000
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.