Keywords
elderly
muscle strength
electromyography
muscle strength
electromyography
How to Cite
Soares da Silva, E., Henrique Bezerra Lopes, L., Holanda da Silva, R., Alexa Cardoso, G., & Veronese da Costa, A. (2021). Relationship between Surface Electromyographic Signal and Strength Production in Elderly: An Integrative Review. Journal of Physical Education, 90(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.37310/ref.v90i1.2749
Abstract
Introduction: Electromyography consists of the study, recording and interpretation of electrical signals emitted by active muscle fibers during the contraction process. This technique covers clinical applications and scientific research. With the growth of the elderly population, studies relating the production of strength and the electromyography technique have been carried out with the objective of quantifying the parameters related to this physical capacity.
Objective: To present an integrative review about the relationship between the electromyographic signal and the production of strength in the elderly.
Methods: For the selection of articles, PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, Web of Science and Lilacs databases were used, using the descriptors: “elderly AND electromyography AND muscle strenght”.
Results and Discussion: Initially, a total of 1.859 publications were obtained, after careful evaluation the final sample consisted of 13 articles.
Conclusion: According to literature, there is no linear correlation of surface electromyography with strength production in the elderly. Differences in physiological, anatomical and instrumental factors may explain the event.
References
1. Merletti R, Holobar A, Farina D. Analysis of motor units with high-density surface electromyography. J Electromyogr Kinesiol [Internet]. 2008;18(6):879–90. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108001399
2. Tsuda, A.M; Martins, H.M; Pires R. Desenvolvimento de sensores ativos para aquisição e processamento de sinais. Sinergia. 2016;17(2):91–8.
3. Ribeiro A, Mateus-Vasconcelos E, Silva T, Brito L, Oliveira H. Avaliação funcional dos músculos do assoalho pélvico pela eletromiografia: existe a normalização na análise de dados? Uma revisão sistemática. Fisioter e Pesqui [Internet]. 2018 Mar 1;25(1 SE-Revisão Sistemática). Available from: http://www.revistas.usp.br/fpusp/article/view/145061
4. Chowdhury RH, Reaz MBI, Ali MABM, Bakar AAA, Chellappan K, Chang TG. Surface electromyography signal processing and classification techniques. Sensors (Basel) [Internet]. 2013 Sep 17;13(9):12431–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24048337
5. Barbosa FSS, Gonçalves M. Protocolo para a identificação da fadiga dos músculos eretores da espinha por meio da dinamometria e da eletromiografia. Fisioter em Mov v 18, n 4 [Internet]. 2017 Aug 30; Available from: https://periodicos.pucpr.br/index.php/fisio/article/view/18650
6. Willig MH, Lenardt MH, Caldas CP. A longevidade segundo histórias de vida de idosos longevos. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2015;68(4):697–704. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-71672015000400697&lng=pt&tlng=pt
7. Basílio Rommel Almeida Fechine NT. O processo de envelhecimento: as principais alterações que acontecem com o idoso com o passar dos anos. Inter Sci Place. 2012;1(20):106–32.
8. Zhou P, Rymer WZ. Factors governing the form of the relation between muscle force and the EMG: a simulation study. J Neurophysiol. 2004/06/18. 2004;92(5):2878–86.
9. Perry J, Bekey GA. EMG-force relationships in skeletal muscle. Crit Rev Biomed Eng [Internet]. 1981;7(1):1—22. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/7042199
10. Solomonow M, Baten C, Smit J, Baratta R, Hermens H, D’Ambrosia R, et al. Electromyogram power spectra frequencies associated with motor unit recruitment strategies. J Appl Physiol. 1990/03/01. 1990;68(3):1177–85.
11. Watanabe K, Kouzaki M, Ogawa M, Akima H, Moritani T. Relationships between muscle strength and multi-channel surface EMG parameters in eighty-eight elderly. Eur Rev aging Phys Act Off J Eur Gr Res into Elder Phys Act. 2018;15:3.
12. Fukunaga T, Miyatani M, Tachi M, Kouzaki M, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H. Muscle volume is a major determinant of joint torque in humans. Acta Physiol Scand [Internet]. 2001 Aug 10;172(4):249–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00867.x
13. Merletti R, Farina D, Gazzoni M, Schieroni MP. Effect of age on muscle functions investigated with surface electromyography. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 2002 Jan 1;25(1):65–76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10014
14. Merletti R, Rainoldi A, Farina D. Surface Electromyography for Noninvasive Characterization of Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev [Internet]. 2001;29(1). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Fulltext/2001/01000/Surface_Electromyography_for_Noninvasive.5.aspx
15. Power GA, Dalton BH, Behm DG, Vandervoort AA, Doherty TJ, Rice CL. Motor unit number estimates in masters runners: use it or lose it? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Sep;42(9):1644–50.
16. Roos MR, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA. Age-related changes in motor unit function. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 1997 Jun 1;20(6):679–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199706)20:6%3C679::AID-MUS4%3E3.0.CO
17. Watanabe K, Holobar A, Kouzaki M, Ogawa M, Akima H, Moritani T. Age-related changes in motor unit firing pattern of vastus lateralis muscle during low-moderate contraction. Age (Dordr). 2016 Jun;38(3):48.
18. Farina D, Cescon C, Merletti R. Influence of anatomical, physical, and detection-system parameters on surface EMG. Biol Cybern [Internet]. 2002;86(6):445–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-002-0309-2
19. Ramsey VK, Miszko TA, Horvat M. Muscle activation and force production in Parkinson’s patients during sit to stand transfers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004 May;19(4):377–84.
20. Suetta C, Aagaard P, Magnusson SP, Andersen LL, Sipilä S, Rosted A, et al. Muscle size, neuromuscular activation, and rapid force characteristics in elderly men and women: effects of unilateral long-term disuse due to hip-osteoarthritis. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Mar;102(3):942–8.
21. Alkner BA, Tesch PERA, Berg HE. Quadriceps EMG/force relationship in knee extension and leg press. Med Sci Sport Exerc [Internet]. 2000;32(2). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsmmsse/Fulltext/2000/02000/Quadriceps_EMG_force_relationship_in_knee.30.aspx
22. Macaluso A, Nimmo MA, Foster JE, Cockburn M, McMillan NC, De Vito G. Contractile muscle volume and agonist-antagonist coactivation account for differences in torque between young and older women. Muscle Nerve. 2002 Jun;25(6):858–63.
23. Alberton CL, Silva EM, Tartaruga MP, Cadore EL, Becker ME, Brentano MA, et al. Análise da reprodutibilidade do sinal eletromiográfico durante ações isométricas e dinâmicas realizadas em diferentes meios. Rev Bras Biomecânica,. 2007;(15).
24. Lima C, Kuckartz B, Correa C, Marsico C, Michel R, Pinto R. Análise eletromiográfica do músculo deltoide em diferentes posições de contração isométrica voluntária máxima. Rev Bras Educ Física e Esporte [Internet]. 2020 Jun 20;34(2 SE-Artigos). Available from: https://www.revistas.usp.br/rbefe/article/view/171263
25. Roy SH. The Use of Electromyography for the Identification of Fatigue in Lower Back Pain. Motriz. 2003;9(1):17–23.
26. De Aquino CF. Eletromiografia: interpretação e aplicações nas ciências da reabilitação. Fisioter Bras v 6, n 4 Fisioter Bras v6n4DO - 1033233/fb.v6i42012 [Internet]. 2018 Mar 18; Available from: http://portalatlanticaeditora.com.br/index.php/fisioterapiabrasil/article/view/2012
27. De Paula Rodrigues AL, Banja TL, Feitosa DR-C, Torres IN. Análise eletromiográfica dos músculos bíceps braquial e latíssimo do dorso nos exercícios puxador frontal e remada baixa. Rev Bras Prescrição e Fisiol do Exerc. 2018;12(72):5–12.
28. Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Macaluso A, De Vito G. Differences between young and older women in maximal force, force fluctuations, and surface EMG during isometric knee extension and elbow flexion. Muscle Nerve. 2004 Nov;30(5):626–35.
29. Pion CH, Barbat-Artigas S, St-Jean-Pelletier F, Chevalier S, Gaudreau P, Gouspillou G, et al. Muscle strength and force development in high- and low-functioning elderly men: Influence of muscular and neural factors. Exp Gerontol. 2017 Oct;96:19–28.
30. Gault ML, Willems MET. Isometric strength and steadiness adaptations of the knee extensor muscles to level and downhill treadmill walking in older adults. Biogerontology. 2013 Apr;14(2):197–208.
31. Morse CI, Thom JM, Mian OS, Muirhead A, Birch KM, Narici M V. Muscle strength, volume and activation following 12-month resistance training in 70-year-old males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Oct;95(2–3):197–204.
32. Wu R, Delahunt E, Ditroilo M, Lowery M, De Vito G. Effects of age and sex on neuromuscular-mechanical determinants of muscle strength. Age (Dordr). 2016 Jun;38(3):57.
33. Fujita E, Kanehisa H, Yoshitake Y, Fukunaga T, Nishizono H. Association between knee extensor strength and EMG activities during squat movement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2328–34.
34. Siddiqi A, Arjunan SP, Kumar DK. Age-Associated Changes in the Spectral and Statistical Parameters of Surface Electromyogram of Tibialis Anterior. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:7159701.
35. Lamoureux EL, Sparrow WA, Murphy A, Newton RU. Differences in the neuromuscular capacity and lean muscle tissue in old and older community-dwelling adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Jun;56(6):M381-5.
36. Ema R, Ohki S, Takayama H, Kobayashi Y, Akagi R. Effect of calf-raise training on rapid force production and balance ability in elderly men. J Appl Physiol. 2017 Aug;123(2):424–33.
37. Gerstner GR, Thompson BJ, Rosenberg JG, Sobolewski EJ, Scharville MJ, Ryan ED. Neural and Muscular Contributions to the Age-Related Reductions in Rapid Strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Jul;49(7):1331–9.
2. Tsuda, A.M; Martins, H.M; Pires R. Desenvolvimento de sensores ativos para aquisição e processamento de sinais. Sinergia. 2016;17(2):91–8.
3. Ribeiro A, Mateus-Vasconcelos E, Silva T, Brito L, Oliveira H. Avaliação funcional dos músculos do assoalho pélvico pela eletromiografia: existe a normalização na análise de dados? Uma revisão sistemática. Fisioter e Pesqui [Internet]. 2018 Mar 1;25(1 SE-Revisão Sistemática). Available from: http://www.revistas.usp.br/fpusp/article/view/145061
4. Chowdhury RH, Reaz MBI, Ali MABM, Bakar AAA, Chellappan K, Chang TG. Surface electromyography signal processing and classification techniques. Sensors (Basel) [Internet]. 2013 Sep 17;13(9):12431–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24048337
5. Barbosa FSS, Gonçalves M. Protocolo para a identificação da fadiga dos músculos eretores da espinha por meio da dinamometria e da eletromiografia. Fisioter em Mov v 18, n 4 [Internet]. 2017 Aug 30; Available from: https://periodicos.pucpr.br/index.php/fisio/article/view/18650
6. Willig MH, Lenardt MH, Caldas CP. A longevidade segundo histórias de vida de idosos longevos. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2015;68(4):697–704. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-71672015000400697&lng=pt&tlng=pt
7. Basílio Rommel Almeida Fechine NT. O processo de envelhecimento: as principais alterações que acontecem com o idoso com o passar dos anos. Inter Sci Place. 2012;1(20):106–32.
8. Zhou P, Rymer WZ. Factors governing the form of the relation between muscle force and the EMG: a simulation study. J Neurophysiol. 2004/06/18. 2004;92(5):2878–86.
9. Perry J, Bekey GA. EMG-force relationships in skeletal muscle. Crit Rev Biomed Eng [Internet]. 1981;7(1):1—22. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/7042199
10. Solomonow M, Baten C, Smit J, Baratta R, Hermens H, D’Ambrosia R, et al. Electromyogram power spectra frequencies associated with motor unit recruitment strategies. J Appl Physiol. 1990/03/01. 1990;68(3):1177–85.
11. Watanabe K, Kouzaki M, Ogawa M, Akima H, Moritani T. Relationships between muscle strength and multi-channel surface EMG parameters in eighty-eight elderly. Eur Rev aging Phys Act Off J Eur Gr Res into Elder Phys Act. 2018;15:3.
12. Fukunaga T, Miyatani M, Tachi M, Kouzaki M, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H. Muscle volume is a major determinant of joint torque in humans. Acta Physiol Scand [Internet]. 2001 Aug 10;172(4):249–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00867.x
13. Merletti R, Farina D, Gazzoni M, Schieroni MP. Effect of age on muscle functions investigated with surface electromyography. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 2002 Jan 1;25(1):65–76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10014
14. Merletti R, Rainoldi A, Farina D. Surface Electromyography for Noninvasive Characterization of Muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev [Internet]. 2001;29(1). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Fulltext/2001/01000/Surface_Electromyography_for_Noninvasive.5.aspx
15. Power GA, Dalton BH, Behm DG, Vandervoort AA, Doherty TJ, Rice CL. Motor unit number estimates in masters runners: use it or lose it? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Sep;42(9):1644–50.
16. Roos MR, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA. Age-related changes in motor unit function. Muscle Nerve [Internet]. 1997 Jun 1;20(6):679–90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199706)20:6%3C679::AID-MUS4%3E3.0.CO
17. Watanabe K, Holobar A, Kouzaki M, Ogawa M, Akima H, Moritani T. Age-related changes in motor unit firing pattern of vastus lateralis muscle during low-moderate contraction. Age (Dordr). 2016 Jun;38(3):48.
18. Farina D, Cescon C, Merletti R. Influence of anatomical, physical, and detection-system parameters on surface EMG. Biol Cybern [Internet]. 2002;86(6):445–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-002-0309-2
19. Ramsey VK, Miszko TA, Horvat M. Muscle activation and force production in Parkinson’s patients during sit to stand transfers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004 May;19(4):377–84.
20. Suetta C, Aagaard P, Magnusson SP, Andersen LL, Sipilä S, Rosted A, et al. Muscle size, neuromuscular activation, and rapid force characteristics in elderly men and women: effects of unilateral long-term disuse due to hip-osteoarthritis. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Mar;102(3):942–8.
21. Alkner BA, Tesch PERA, Berg HE. Quadriceps EMG/force relationship in knee extension and leg press. Med Sci Sport Exerc [Internet]. 2000;32(2). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/acsmmsse/Fulltext/2000/02000/Quadriceps_EMG_force_relationship_in_knee.30.aspx
22. Macaluso A, Nimmo MA, Foster JE, Cockburn M, McMillan NC, De Vito G. Contractile muscle volume and agonist-antagonist coactivation account for differences in torque between young and older women. Muscle Nerve. 2002 Jun;25(6):858–63.
23. Alberton CL, Silva EM, Tartaruga MP, Cadore EL, Becker ME, Brentano MA, et al. Análise da reprodutibilidade do sinal eletromiográfico durante ações isométricas e dinâmicas realizadas em diferentes meios. Rev Bras Biomecânica,. 2007;(15).
24. Lima C, Kuckartz B, Correa C, Marsico C, Michel R, Pinto R. Análise eletromiográfica do músculo deltoide em diferentes posições de contração isométrica voluntária máxima. Rev Bras Educ Física e Esporte [Internet]. 2020 Jun 20;34(2 SE-Artigos). Available from: https://www.revistas.usp.br/rbefe/article/view/171263
25. Roy SH. The Use of Electromyography for the Identification of Fatigue in Lower Back Pain. Motriz. 2003;9(1):17–23.
26. De Aquino CF. Eletromiografia: interpretação e aplicações nas ciências da reabilitação. Fisioter Bras v 6, n 4 Fisioter Bras v6n4DO - 1033233/fb.v6i42012 [Internet]. 2018 Mar 18; Available from: http://portalatlanticaeditora.com.br/index.php/fisioterapiabrasil/article/view/2012
27. De Paula Rodrigues AL, Banja TL, Feitosa DR-C, Torres IN. Análise eletromiográfica dos músculos bíceps braquial e latíssimo do dorso nos exercícios puxador frontal e remada baixa. Rev Bras Prescrição e Fisiol do Exerc. 2018;12(72):5–12.
28. Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Macaluso A, De Vito G. Differences between young and older women in maximal force, force fluctuations, and surface EMG during isometric knee extension and elbow flexion. Muscle Nerve. 2004 Nov;30(5):626–35.
29. Pion CH, Barbat-Artigas S, St-Jean-Pelletier F, Chevalier S, Gaudreau P, Gouspillou G, et al. Muscle strength and force development in high- and low-functioning elderly men: Influence of muscular and neural factors. Exp Gerontol. 2017 Oct;96:19–28.
30. Gault ML, Willems MET. Isometric strength and steadiness adaptations of the knee extensor muscles to level and downhill treadmill walking in older adults. Biogerontology. 2013 Apr;14(2):197–208.
31. Morse CI, Thom JM, Mian OS, Muirhead A, Birch KM, Narici M V. Muscle strength, volume and activation following 12-month resistance training in 70-year-old males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Oct;95(2–3):197–204.
32. Wu R, Delahunt E, Ditroilo M, Lowery M, De Vito G. Effects of age and sex on neuromuscular-mechanical determinants of muscle strength. Age (Dordr). 2016 Jun;38(3):57.
33. Fujita E, Kanehisa H, Yoshitake Y, Fukunaga T, Nishizono H. Association between knee extensor strength and EMG activities during squat movement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Dec;43(12):2328–34.
34. Siddiqi A, Arjunan SP, Kumar DK. Age-Associated Changes in the Spectral and Statistical Parameters of Surface Electromyogram of Tibialis Anterior. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:7159701.
35. Lamoureux EL, Sparrow WA, Murphy A, Newton RU. Differences in the neuromuscular capacity and lean muscle tissue in old and older community-dwelling adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Jun;56(6):M381-5.
36. Ema R, Ohki S, Takayama H, Kobayashi Y, Akagi R. Effect of calf-raise training on rapid force production and balance ability in elderly men. J Appl Physiol. 2017 Aug;123(2):424–33.
37. Gerstner GR, Thompson BJ, Rosenberg JG, Sobolewski EJ, Scharville MJ, Ryan ED. Neural and Muscular Contributions to the Age-Related Reductions in Rapid Strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Jul;49(7):1331–9.
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